{"id":10468,"date":"2026-03-21T09:41:10","date_gmt":"2026-03-21T08:41:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/?page_id=10468"},"modified":"2026-05-04T16:49:40","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T14:49:40","slug":"raphael-lugowski","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/raphael-lugowski\/","title":{"rendered":"Raphael Lugowski"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/webp-express\/webp-images\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Raphael_Lugowski_2024-e1774077185809-1024x979.jpg.webp 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/webp-express\/webp-images\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Raphael_Lugowski_2024-e1774077185809-300x287.jpg.webp 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/webp-express\/webp-images\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Raphael_Lugowski_2024-e1774077185809-768x734.jpg.webp 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/webp-express\/webp-images\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Raphael_Lugowski_2024-e1774077185809-1536x1469.jpg.webp 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/webp-express\/webp-images\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Raphael_Lugowski_2024-e1774077185809-2048x1958.jpg.webp 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/webp-express\/webp-images\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Raphael_Lugowski_2024-e1774077185809-13x12.jpg.webp 13w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" type=\"image\/webp\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"979\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Raphael_Lugowski_2024-e1774077185809-1024x979.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10474 webpexpress-processed\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Raphael_Lugowski_2024-e1774077185809-1024x979.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Raphael_Lugowski_2024-e1774077185809-300x287.jpg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Raphael_Lugowski_2024-e1774077185809-768x734.jpg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Raphael_Lugowski_2024-e1774077185809-1536x1469.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Raphael_Lugowski_2024-e1774077185809-2048x1958.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Raphael_Lugowski_2024-e1774077185809-13x12.jpg 13w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/picture><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/raphael-lugowski\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"mr-2\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <i class=\"fa fa-linkedin text-xl\"><\/i>\n<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/ra_raphael_lugowski\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"mr-2\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <i class=\"fa fa-instagram text-xl\"><\/i>\n<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@smartarbeitsrecht6231\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"mr-2\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <i class=\"fa fa-youtube text-xl\"><\/i>\n<\/a>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Memberships<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:15px\">German Bar Association (DAV)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:15px\">Hamburg Bar Association (HAV) eV<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:15px\">Working Group on Labor Law in the DAV<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Raphael Lugowski is a specialist lawyer for employment law and founder of Smart Employment Law and the Works Council Law Firm. He specialized in employment law early on and has been advising clients in all key areas of individual and collective employment law since 2016. He represents, in particular, employees, works councils, and staff councils in employment disputes, legal proceedings, and conciliation boards, and advises on legally and strategically complex issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>His work focuses on areas such as dismissal protection law, termination agreements and severance payments, as well as advising on complex separation situations. He also specializes in works constitution law. Raphael Lugowski has particular expertise in operational changes, especially in connection with restructurings and the negotiation of reconciliation of interests and social plans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another focus of his work lies at the intersection of labor law, co-determination, digitalization, and artificial intelligence. He advises on issues of IT co-determination, employee data protection, and the labor law requirements for the use of digital systems and AI in the workplace. His in-depth understanding of software development also proves invaluable in this area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to his legal practice, Raphael Lugowski works as a consultant for works councils, including for the Institute for Works Councils. He also publishes regularly in legal journals and is the author of books on labor law topics related to digitalization and co-determination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With GremiumHub, Raphael Lugowski has also co-founded a company that develops digital solutions for works councils and staff councils. This activity complements his legal work, particularly in the areas of the digital workplace, co-determination, and company practice, and strengthens his focus on the practical implementation of labor law requirements in companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>His work is characterized by specialization, many years of experience in labor law and an understanding of the practical requirements of operational changes and labor law conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Publications<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Transformation and Job Security, Computers and Work (CuA), Issue 03\/2026, pages 12\u201315<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protecting employees from liability risks, Computer and Work (CuA), Issue 02\/2026, pages 18 \u2013 21<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>7 questions on the use of AI in the workplace, Computer and Work (CuA), issue 01\/2026, pages 19\u201321<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The use of AI in the workplace, Bund Verlag, 1st edition 2025<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Co-determination in the use of AI, computers and work (CuA), issue 02\/2025, pages 23 \u2013 24<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Federal Labour Court (BAG) on the data protection concept of the works council, Computer and Work (CuA), issue 02\/2024, pages 15 \u2013 18<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>10 Questions on Time Recording, Computers and Work (CuA), Issue 12\/2023, pages 24 \u2013 26<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vacation forfeiture in the event of long-term illness, Occupational Safety and Health in Law and Practice (ARP), Issue 11\/2023, 348 \u2013 349<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What now applies to data exchange with the USA?, Computer and Work (CuA), Issue 10\/2023, pages 14 \u2013 16<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Data protection in company agreements, Computer and Work (CuA), issue 10\/2023, pages 22 \u2013 24<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rail travel times for new vehicle transfers as working hours according to the ArbZG, Occupational Safety and Health in Law and Practice (ARP), issue 9\/2023, pages 284 \u2013 286.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What applies to co-determination under the HinSchG, Computer and Work (CuA), Issue 8-9\/2023, pages 24 \u2013 26<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Microsoft 365 and the rights of the works council, Computer and Work (CuA), Issue 7\/2023, pages 8 \u2013 11<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Key points of a works agreement (on MS 365), Computers and Work (CuA), issue 7\/2023, page 12<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Statute of limitations and forfeiture of vacation in the context of employers&#039; obligations to cooperate: News from Europe, Occupational Safety and Health in Law and Practice (ARP), Issue 7\/2023, 197 \u2013 202<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CV<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Since 2025<\/td><td>Shareholder and Managing Director of GremiumHub (digital solutions for works councils)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Since 2022:<\/td><td>Smart Employment Law Firm \/ Works Council Law Firm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Since 2018:<\/td><td>Speaker for the Institute for Works Councils (ifb)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2020 &#8211; 2021:<\/td><td>P\u00f6ppel Rechtsanw\u00e4lte \u2013 Employment Law Firm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2019 &#8211; 2020:<\/td><td>Wittig \u00dcnalp<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2018 &#8211; 2019:<\/td><td>BLC Business &amp; Law Consulting GmbH<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2016 &#8211; 2018:<\/td><td>P\u00f6ppel Rechtsanw\u00e4lte \u2013 Employment Law Firm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2016:<\/td><td>Second State Examination at the Hanseatic Higher Regional Court of Hamburg (Focus: Labor Law)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Training stations:<\/td><td>Hamburg-Altona District Court, Regional Court \u2013 Commercial Chamber, Ministry of the Interior and Sport \u2013 Sports Office, Hamburg Labor Court, Hamburg Fire Insurance Fund \u2013 Human Resources Department, Roggelin &amp; Partner Law Firm             <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2014 &#8211; 2016:<\/td><td>Legal traineeship at the Hanseatic Higher Regional Court of Hamburg<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2013:<\/td><td>Completion of the 1st State Examination in Law (Focus: Economic Analysis of Law)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Until 2013:<\/td><td>Studied law at the University of Hamburg<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__list is-grid columns-3 has-dates has-author wp-block-latest-posts\"><li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/arbeitnehmer-im-visier-wie-weit-darf-ueberwachung-am-arbeitsplatz-gehen\/\" aria-label=\"Employees under scrutiny: How far can workplace surveillance go?\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AdobeStock_304603525-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AdobeStock_304603525-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AdobeStock_304603525-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AdobeStock_304603525-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AdobeStock_304603525-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AdobeStock_304603525-2048x1367.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AdobeStock_304603525-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/arbeitnehmer-im-visier-wie-weit-darf-ueberwachung-am-arbeitsplatz-gehen\/\">Employees under scrutiny: How far can workplace surveillance go?<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2026-02-11T08:00:00+01:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">February 11, 2026<\/time><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/arbeitsrecht-2026-diese-aenderungen-muessen-arbeitgeber-jetzt-beachten\/\" aria-label=\"Employment law 2026: Employers must be aware of these changes now\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Arbeitsrecht-2026-Diese-Aenderungen-muessen-Arbeitgeber-jetzt-beachten-AdobeStock_1742495995-300x169.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Arbeitsrecht-2026-Diese-Aenderungen-muessen-Arbeitgeber-jetzt-beachten-AdobeStock_1742495995-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Arbeitsrecht-2026-Diese-Aenderungen-muessen-Arbeitgeber-jetzt-beachten-AdobeStock_1742495995-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Arbeitsrecht-2026-Diese-Aenderungen-muessen-Arbeitgeber-jetzt-beachten-AdobeStock_1742495995-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Arbeitsrecht-2026-Diese-Aenderungen-muessen-Arbeitgeber-jetzt-beachten-AdobeStock_1742495995-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Arbeitsrecht-2026-Diese-Aenderungen-muessen-Arbeitgeber-jetzt-beachten-AdobeStock_1742495995-2048x1152.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Arbeitsrecht-2026-Diese-Aenderungen-muessen-Arbeitgeber-jetzt-beachten-AdobeStock_1742495995-18x10.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/arbeitsrecht-2026-diese-aenderungen-muessen-arbeitgeber-jetzt-beachten\/\">Employment law 2026: Employers must be aware of these changes now<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2026-02-09T11:03:55+01:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">February 9, 2026<\/time><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/betriebsrat-und-kuenstliche-intelligenz-warum-ki-umfragen-neue-mitbestimmungsrechte-ausloesen\/\" aria-label=\"Works council and artificial intelligence: Why AI surveys trigger new co-determination rights\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AdobeStock_737314510-300x200.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AdobeStock_737314510-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AdobeStock_737314510-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AdobeStock_737314510-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AdobeStock_737314510-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AdobeStock_737314510-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AdobeStock_737314510-18x12.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/betriebsrat-und-kuenstliche-intelligenz-warum-ki-umfragen-neue-mitbestimmungsrechte-ausloesen\/\">Works council and artificial intelligence: Why AI surveys trigger new co-determination rights<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2026-02-06T09:59:47+01:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">February 6, 2026<\/time><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/wenn-die-maschine-den-job-uebernimmt-ist-ki-ein-zulaessiger-kuendigungsgrund\/\" aria-label=\"When the machine takes over the job: Is AI a valid reason for dismissal?\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/KI-AdobeStock_836690625-300x168.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/KI-AdobeStock_836690625-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/KI-AdobeStock_836690625-1024x574.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/KI-AdobeStock_836690625-768x430.jpg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/KI-AdobeStock_836690625-1536x861.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/KI-AdobeStock_836690625-2048x1148.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/KI-AdobeStock_836690625-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/wenn-die-maschine-den-job-uebernimmt-ist-ki-ein-zulaessiger-kuendigungsgrund\/\">When the machine takes over the job: Is AI a valid reason for dismissal?<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2026-02-05T16:48:06+01:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">February 5, 2026<\/time><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/wer-haftet-beim-einsatz-von-ki\/\" aria-label=\"Who is liable when artificial intelligence is used in a company?\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"158\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Wer-haftet-beim-Einsatz-von-Kuenstlicher-Intelligenz-im-Unternehmen-AdobeStock_1725140610-300x158.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"Wer haftet beim Einsatz von K\u00fcnstlicher Intelligenz im Unternehmen\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Wer-haftet-beim-Einsatz-von-Kuenstlicher-Intelligenz-im-Unternehmen-AdobeStock_1725140610-300x158.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Wer-haftet-beim-Einsatz-von-Kuenstlicher-Intelligenz-im-Unternehmen-AdobeStock_1725140610-1024x540.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Wer-haftet-beim-Einsatz-von-Kuenstlicher-Intelligenz-im-Unternehmen-AdobeStock_1725140610-768x405.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Wer-haftet-beim-Einsatz-von-Kuenstlicher-Intelligenz-im-Unternehmen-AdobeStock_1725140610-1536x810.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Wer-haftet-beim-Einsatz-von-Kuenstlicher-Intelligenz-im-Unternehmen-AdobeStock_1725140610-2048x1080.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Wer-haftet-beim-Einsatz-von-Kuenstlicher-Intelligenz-im-Unternehmen-AdobeStock_1725140610-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/wer-haftet-beim-einsatz-von-ki\/\">Who is liable when artificial intelligence is used in a company?<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2026-02-03T12:55:47+01:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">February 3, 2026<\/time><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/rechtssicher-zur-betriebsratswahl-2026-mit-anwaltlicher-begleitung-im-arbeitsrecht\/\" aria-label=\"Legally compliant for the 2026 works council elections \u2013 with legal support in labor law\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AdobeStock_96169236-300x200.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AdobeStock_96169236-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AdobeStock_96169236-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AdobeStock_96169236-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AdobeStock_96169236-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AdobeStock_96169236-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AdobeStock_96169236-18x12.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/rechtssicher-zur-betriebsratswahl-2026-mit-anwaltlicher-begleitung-im-arbeitsrecht\/\">Legally compliant for the 2026 works council elections \u2013 with legal support in labor law<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2025-11-05T12:33:53+01:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">November 5, 2025<\/time><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/nebenjob-beim-pizzaservice-kein-anspruch-auf-verzugslohn-bei-ueberschreitung-der-zulaessigen-arbeitszeit\/\" aria-label=\"Part-time job at a pizza delivery service: No entitlement to late payment if the permitted working hours are exceeded.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_81982431-300x200.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_81982431-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_81982431-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_81982431-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_81982431-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_81982431-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_81982431-18x12.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/nebenjob-beim-pizzaservice-kein-anspruch-auf-verzugslohn-bei-ueberschreitung-der-zulaessigen-arbeitszeit\/\">Part-time job at a pizza delivery service: No entitlement to late payment if the permitted working hours are exceeded.<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2025-10-29T11:49:41+01:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">October 29, 2025<\/time><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/aktienoptionsprogramme-im-arbeitsrecht-chancen-verpflichtungen-und-rechtliche-risiken-einfach-erklaert\/\" aria-label=\"Stock option programs in employment law: Opportunities, obligations, and legal risks explained simply\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"144\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_152372731-300x144.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_152372731-300x144.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_152372731-1024x491.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_152372731-768x368.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_152372731-1536x736.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_152372731-2048x982.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_152372731-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/aktienoptionsprogramme-im-arbeitsrecht-chancen-verpflichtungen-und-rechtliche-risiken-einfach-erklaert\/\">Stock option programs in employment law: Opportunities, obligations, and legal risks explained simply<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2025-10-28T10:21:30+01:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">October 28, 2025<\/time><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/aktives-und-passives-wahlrecht-bei-der-betriebsratswahl-2026-wer-gehoert-auf-die-waehlerliste\/\" aria-label=\"Active and passive voting rights in the 2026 works council elections \u2013 who should be on the electoral roll?\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_38053255-300x200.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_38053255-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_38053255-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_38053255-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_38053255-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_38053255-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_38053255-18x12.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/aktives-und-passives-wahlrecht-bei-der-betriebsratswahl-2026-wer-gehoert-auf-die-waehlerliste\/\">Active and passive voting rights in the 2026 works council elections \u2013 who should be on the electoral roll?<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2025-10-23T11:05:51+02:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">October 23, 2025<\/time><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/online-betriebsratswahl-ab-2026\/\" aria-label=\"Online works council elections from 2026? \u2013 What is currently legally possible\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_238641000-1-300x200.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_238641000-1-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_238641000-1-1024x682.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_238641000-1-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_238641000-1-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_238641000-1-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_238641000-1-18x12.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/online-betriebsratswahl-ab-2026\/\">Online works council elections from 2026? \u2013 What is currently legally possible<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2025-10-16T08:25:30+02:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">October 16, 2025<\/time><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/virtuelle-mitarbeiterbeteiligung-vsop-rechtlich-sicher-gestalten-ihre-kanzlei-fuer-arbeitsrecht\/\" aria-label=\"Designing Virtual Employee Participation Plans (VSOP) in a legally secure manner \u2013 Your employment law firm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_1594634264-300x200.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_1594634264-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_1594634264-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_1594634264-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_1594634264-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_1594634264-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_1594634264-18x12.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/virtuelle-mitarbeiterbeteiligung-vsop-rechtlich-sicher-gestalten-ihre-kanzlei-fuer-arbeitsrecht\/\">Designing Virtual Employee Participation Plans (VSOP) in a legally secure manner \u2013 Your employment law firm<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2025-10-14T10:27:53+02:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">October 14, 2025<\/time><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/8-000-e-schmerzensgeld-wegen-datenschutzverstoss\/\" aria-label=\"\u20ac8,000 in compensation for data protection violation \u2013 clinic responsible\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_372420823-300x200.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_372420823-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_372420823-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_372420823-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_372420823-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_372420823-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_372420823-18x12.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/8-000-e-schmerzensgeld-wegen-datenschutzverstoss\/\">\u20ac8,000 in compensation for data protection violation \u2013 clinic responsible<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2025-10-09T09:58:38+02:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">October 9, 2025<\/time><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/aktienkaufplaene-fuer-mitarbeitende-espp\/\" aria-label=\"Employee share purchase plans (ESPP): Creating participation \u2013 legally secure and motivating\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_274799131-300x200.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_274799131-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_274799131-1024x682.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_274799131-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_274799131-1536x1023.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_274799131-2048x1364.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_274799131-18x12.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/aktienkaufplaene-fuer-mitarbeitende-espp\/\">Employee share purchase plans (ESPP): Creating participation \u2013 legally secure and motivating<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2025-10-07T15:02:17+02:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">October 7, 2025<\/time><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/alkoholverbot-auf-see\/\" aria-label=\"Alcohol ban at sea \u2013 but no entitlement to standby pay\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_1552603942-300x168.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_1552603942-300x168.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_1552603942-1024x574.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_1552603942-768x430.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_1552603942-1536x861.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_1552603942-2048x1148.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AdobeStock_1552603942-18x10.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/alkoholverbot-auf-see\/\">Alcohol ban at sea \u2013 but no entitlement to standby pay<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2025-10-02T11:17:07+02:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">October 2, 2025<\/time><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/aktienbasierte-verguetung-im-arbeitsverhaeltnis-was-bei-stock-grants-arbeitsrechtlich-zu-beachten-ist\/\" aria-label=\"Stock-based compensation in employment relationships: What needs to be considered under employment law for stock grants\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" src=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/AdobeStock_1550761120-1-300x168.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:300px;max-height:300px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/AdobeStock_1550761120-1-300x168.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/AdobeStock_1550761120-1-1024x574.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/AdobeStock_1550761120-1-768x430.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/AdobeStock_1550761120-1-1536x861.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/AdobeStock_1550761120-1-2048x1148.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/AdobeStock_1550761120-1-18x10.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/aktienbasierte-verguetung-im-arbeitsverhaeltnis-was-bei-stock-grants-arbeitsrechtlich-zu-beachten-ist\/\">Stock-based compensation in employment relationships: What needs to be considered under employment law for stock grants<\/a><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-author\">by Raphael Lugowski<\/div><time datetime=\"2025-09-24T11:27:49+02:00\" class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-date\">September 24, 2025<\/time><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mitgliedschaften Raphael Lugowski ist Fachanwalt f\u00fcr Arbeitsrecht und Gr\u00fcnder von Smart Arbeitsrecht und der Betriebsrat Kanzlei. Er hat sich fr\u00fch&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10468","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Raphael Lugowski | Fachanwalt f\u00fcr Arbeitrsrecht<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Raphael Lugowski ist ein Rechtsanwalt und Fachanwalt f\u00fcr Arbeitsrecht mit langj\u00e4hriger Erfahrung und hoher Spezialisierung.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/smart-arbeitsrecht.de\/en\/raphael-lugowski\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" 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